“I have inquired for most of my adult life about studies that might show that the death penalty is a deterrent. And I have not seen any research that would substantiate that point.” -U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, January 21, 2000

Consider the following:

Generally, states without the death penalty have consistently lower murder rates than states with the death penalty. A New York Times review in 2000 of murder rates over the past 20 years found that the murder rate in states with the death penalty has been 48% to 101% higher than in non-death penalty states.

Consistent with previous years, the 2006 FBI Uniform Crime Report showed that the South had the highest murder rate and accounts for over 80% of the executions in the nation. The Northeast, which has less than 1% of executions, again had the lowest murder rate.

The U.S. with the death penalty has a much higher murder rate than countries in Europe which do not have the death penalty.

According to a survey of the former and present presidents of the nation’s top academic criminological societies, 88% of these experts rejected the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to homicide. (“Do Executions Lower Homicide Rates? The Views of Leading Criminologists,” Northwestern University School of Law’s Journal of Criminal Law and Criminologyby Professor Michael Radelet and Traci Lacock, June 2009).

Researchers Find Flaws in Studies Claiming Deterrent Effect

In an article entitled, “The Death Penalty: No Evidence for Deterrence,” John Donohue and Justin Wolfers examined recent statistical studies that claimed to show a deterrent effect from the death penalty. The authors conclude that the estimates claiming that the death penalty saves numerous lives “are simply not credible.” In fact, the authors state that using the same data and proper methodology could lead to the exact opposite conclusion: that is, that the death penalty actually increases the number of murders. The authors state: “We show that with the most minor tweaking of the [research] instruments, one can get estimates ranging from 429 lives saved per execution to 86 lives lost. These numbers are outside the bounds of credibility.”

The authors conclude that the evidence of deterrence is far too weak to rely on as a justification for the death penalty:

The view that the death penalty deters is still the product of belief, not evidence. The reason for this is simple: over the past half century the U.S. has not experimented enough with capital punishment policy to permit strong conclusions. Even complex econometrics cannot sidestep this basic fact. The data are simply too noisy, and the conclusions from any study are too fragile. On balance, the evidence suggests that the death penalty may increase the murder rate although it remains possible that the death penalty may decrease it. If capital punishment does decrease the murder rate, any decrease is likely small.

John Donohue is a professor at Yale Law School and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Justin Wolfers is a professor at the Wharton School of Business and a Research Affiliate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. (The Economists’ Voice, April 2006).

Fairly, there are numerous aspects you would like to think about medications. All discount medicaments save money, but few online drugstores offer better deals than other online drugstores. There isn’t anything you can’t order online anymore. Remedies like Deltasone ordinarily is used to treat diseases such as eye problems. Glucocorticoids naturally occurring steroids, which are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There are varied drugs for every conditions. Cialis is a remedy prescribed to treat many illnesses. What do you already know about long term side effects of cialis? What consumers talk about how long does it take for cialis to take effect? A general sexual complaint among men is the erectile dysfunction. Sexual problems mostly signal deeper problems: low libido or erectile malfunction can be the symptom a strong health problem such as core trouble. Albeit the erectile dysfunction itself isn’t necessarily dangerous, erectile dysfunction is sometimes one of the early warning symptoms of other underlying soundness conditions that can be very dangerous. Unfortunately nearly all over-the-counter medicines have sometimes dangerous aftereffects, from muscle aches to death. If you buy any erectile dysfunction medicaments like Cialis, check with a physician that they are sure to take with your other drugs. Do not take unwanted medications. Take Cialis to your local chemist’s shop which will dispose of them for you.

In 1988, Pervis Payne, an African-American, was convicted in Shelby County and sentenced to death for the 1987 murders of Charisse Christopher, a white woman, and her two-year-old daughter, Lacie. He was also convicted and sentenced to thirty years for the attempted murder of Nicholas Christopher, Charisee Christopher’s three-year-old son.

On June 27, 1987, Payne went to his girlfriend’s apartment in Millington to wait for her to return from a trip. His girlfriend’s apartment was across the hall from the Christopher family. Later, around 3:00 p.m., the prosecution argued that after a day of drinking and injecting cocaine, Payne entered the Christopher apartment and made sexual advances toward Charisse. When she refused him, the prosecution argued that Payne stabbed Charisse repeatedly with a butcher knife. The attacker also stabbed the two children. Lacie died in the attack, but her brother Nicholas survived. According ro prosecutors, Payne was discovered by police as he was leaving the building with blood on his clothing and an overnight bag in his hand. When Payne was confronted, he struck the officer with the bag and fled, only later to be arrested.

At his trial, Payne denied killing the Christopher family. His girlfriend, Bobbie Thomas, testified that such violence was inconsistent with Payne’s character, as both she and her children had only experienced love and care from him. Three other witnesses testified on Payne’s behalf denying that he was a drug user and commenting on his church attendance, as his father is a Memphis pastor. At the time of his trial, Payne had no prior criminal record, and though he had a low IQ, was deemed to be mentally competent.

During the trial, Charisse Christoper’s mother was allowed to testify concerning the effect of the murders on Nicholas, the only survivor of the attack. In the sentencing phase, the prosecution argued for the death penalty in part because of the ongoing psychological trauma to Nicholas. Payne was sentenced to death on both murder counts.

Attorneys for Payne later argued to the Tennessee Supreme Court that the victim impact statement from Chariesse’s mother violated his Eighth Amendment rights while also violating an earlier U.S. Supreme Court decision in Booth v. Maryland, barring such statements. However, the Tennessee Supreme Court upheld both Payne’s conviction and sentence. The case was ultimately decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision, overturning the earlier Booth decision. Justice Thurgood Marshall lamented that “power, not reason, is the new currency of this Court’s decisionmaking.”

In 2005, the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals granted Payne a new sentencing hearing, but the court reversed itself and disallowed the sentencing hearing based on a new U.S. Supreme Court decision. The case of Pervis Payne highlights the inconsistency of the courts in applying the law in death penalty cases and the constitutional pitfalls of allowing victim impact statements to influence convictions and sentences.

Pervis Payne has filed a lethal injection lawsuit challenging the same lethal injection procedures found to be unconstitutional in the case of E.J. Harbison. Payne is also requesting that DNA from the crime scene be tested.

Fairly, there are numerous aspects you would like to think about medications. All discount medicaments save money, but few online drugstores offer better deals than other online drugstores. There isn’t anything you can’t order online anymore. Remedies like Deltasone ordinarily is used to treat diseases such as eye problems. Glucocorticoids naturally occurring steroids, which are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There are varied drugs for every conditions. Cialis is a remedy prescribed to treat many illnesses. What do you already know about long term side effects of cialis? What consumers talk about how long does it take for cialis to take effect? A general sexual complaint among men is the erectile disfunction. Sexual problems mostly signal deeper problems: low libido or erectile dysfunction can be the symptom a strong heartiness problem such as heart trouble. Albeit the erectile dysfunction itself isn’t necessarily dangerous, erectile malfunction is sometimes one of the early warning symptoms of other underlying soundness conditions that can be very dangerous. Unfortunately nearly all over-the-counter medicines have sometimes dangerous aftereffects, from muscle aches to death. If you buy any erectile malfunction medicaments like Cialis, check with a physician that they are sure to take with your other drugs. Do not take unwanted medications. Take Cialis to your local chemist’s shop which will dispose of them for you.

In November 1994, Perry Anthony Cribbs was convicted of killing Linda Harris in Memphis, Tennessee, with no physical evidence linking him to the crime. Cribbs’ conviction was based on the questionable eyewitness identification of Harris’ husband and the unreliable testimony of Cribbs’ then mentally ill, drug addicted girlfriend. Because Cribbs’ attorneys failed to investigate his case, the jury never heard testimony from an alibi witness or a witness who had information that others, including Mrs. Harris’ husband committed the crime. The jury never heard from Linda Harris’ family and friends who knew that Harris’ husband had motives to have her killed.

Linda Harris was shot and killed between 1:30-2:00 a.m. on January 2, 1994 after returning home from a party with her husband. According to Mrs. Harris’ husband, Sidney Harris, two men wearing black ski masks were inside the house when he and his wife came home. There were no lights on in the house. The only light into the house came from the carport. Linda Harris was fatally shot first, and then Mr. Harris was shot in his left shoulder and lost three fingertips. The day after his wife’s murder, Mr. Harris told police that he could not identify the perpetrators as they were wearing black ski masks.

After a fight between Perry Cribbs and his girlfriend, Jacqueline “Jackie” Cannon, Jackie’s brother called Crime Stoppers and reported that Mr. Cribbs was involved in Linda Harris’ murder. He told police that his sister told him that Perry told her he was involved. Jackie and her brother received $1,000 which they split. Ms. Cannon did not go to the police after talking to her brother. When police tracked her down six weeks after the murder, Ms. Cannon told them that Perry confessed to killing Linda Harris. Jackie Cannon was addicted to crack cocaine both when she made her statement to police and when she testified against Cribbs at trial. Three witnesses testified at a post-conviction hearing that Ms. Cannon was addicted to crack cocaine and had paranoid hallucinations. She was later diagnosed with schizophrenia. Cribbs’ trial attorneys were aware that Cannon was addicted to crack but never investigated her drug use or mental state.

After his arrest, Cribbs’ photo was released to the media and shown on the local news. Mr. Harris, who previously told police that he could not identify the perpetrators, was shown a photo lineup of suspects and then identified Perry Cribbs as the shooter. At the trial, Mr. Harris testified that he could identify Cribbs because the perpetrators wore nylon masks, testimony completely inconsistent with his original statement to police that he could not identify the perpetrators because they had on black ski masks. Additionally, the murder weapon was never found nor did the police ever arrest anyone else, though Mr. Harris told police there were two perpetrators.

When Perry Cribbs was arrested he told police that he was playing basketball with his friend, “Frog,” who real name is Eugene Bowen, on the night of the murder. However, Cribbs’ attorneys never attempted to contact Mr. Bowen. At the post-conviction hearing, Mr. Bowen testified that he and Cribbs spent New Year’s night drinking beer and playing basketball which they were playing into the early morning hours of January 2, 1994.

On February 12, 1994, two days before Cribbs’ arrest, a Shelby County jail inmate named James Parker contacted Memphis homicide detectives and told them that he was present when a man he identified as Sidney Harris asked a drug dealer to find someone to kill his wife. According to Mr. Parker’s statement, Sidney Harris owed the dealer money.

Mr. Parker said he was also present days later when three men, who he identified by nicknames, talked about killing Linda Harris. They said they should have killed the husband too instead of only wounding him. The detectives assigned to the case did not follow up on the lead nor did Cribbs’ trial attorneys ever attempt to contact Parker or anyone named in his statement. At the post conviction hearing, Mr. Parker stated that he served his time for the petty crime for which he was in custody and did not expect to receive a deal for providing information to the police. Other witnesses testified at the post-conviction hearing that Sidney Harris was involved in the sale of drugs.

Neither the state nor Cribbs’ attorneys talked to the family and friends of Linda Harris, several of whom, at the post-conviction hearing, testified to the problems in the Harris marriage and about Sidney Harris’ behavior before and after his wife’s death. Sidney Harris did not have a job, often left home for long periods of time, and had at least one girlfriend of whom Linda Harris was aware. One of Linda Harris’ sisters testified that on one occasion, Mrs. Harris called her crying because Sidney had hit her head into the window. In the weeks before her death, Linda Harris wrote a letter to her sister expressing concern about what would happen to her daughter if something happened to her. Family members were aware that Linda Harris’ life insurance was changed before her death and that there was a gun in the home. Sidney Harris did not attend his wife’s funeral even though he had his doctor’s permission to do so, and even Mr. Harris’ own brother called police and told them that he did not think his brother was telling everything he knew about the murder.The police still never pursued Harris as a suspect, and again, Cribbs’ trial attorneys never investigated Harris or talked to his brother, even though they were aware of his brother’s statement.

One week before trial and with an incomplete investigation, Cribbs’ lead attorney withdrew from the case due to illness, and second counsel took over. New counsel did not ask for a continuance in order to complete the investigation. Another attorney was appointed as co-counsel but did not have time to prepare before trial. Co-counsel considered herself to be a “water girl,” as she was only there to “carry water” for the lead attorney.

Perry Cribbs maintains that he is innocent of this crime and has no knowledge of Linda Harris murder. This case demonstrates the problems that currently plague the death penalty system, including grossly inadequate representation at trial and faulty eyewitness testimony. With no physical evidence connecting him to the crime, Cribbs received a death sentence. Perry Cribbs deserves a new trial with effective attorneys in order to get a fair hearing and to present the overwhelming evidence of his innocence.

On December 21, 2009, the Tennessee Supreme Court ruled that Perry Cribbs should get a new sentencing hearing in this case. The case will be remanded back to the trial court for sentencing.

Fairly, there are numerous aspects you would like to think about medications. All discount medicaments save money, but few online drugstores offer better deals than other online drugstores. There isn’t anything you can’t order online anymore. Remedies like Deltasone ordinarily is used to treat diseases such as eye problems. Glucocorticoids naturally occurring steroids, which are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There are varied drugs for every conditions. Cialis is a remedy prescribed to treat many illnesses. What do you already know about long term side effects of cialis? What consumers talk about how long does it take for cialis to take effect? A general sexual complaint among men is the erectile malfunction. Sexual problems mostly signal deeper problems: low libido or erectile disfunction can be the symptom a strong health problem such as heart trouble. Albeit the erectile disfunction itself isn’t necessarily dangerous, erectile dysfunction is sometimes one of the early warning symptoms of other underlying soundness conditions that can be very dangerous. Unfortunately nearly all over-the-counter medicines have sometimes dangerous aftereffects, from muscle aches to death. If you buy any erectile malfunction medicaments like Cialis, check with a physician that they are sure to take with your other drugs. Do not take unwanted medications. Take Cialis to your local chemist’s shop which will dispose of them for you.

In June of 2006, the United States Supreme Court ruled that in the case of Paul House “no reasonable juror viewing the record as a whole would lack reasonable doubt.” In other words, no juror in America would find Paul House guilty of the 1985 murder of Carolyn Muncey. One would think that when the highest court in the land says a person is not guilty, that person would be released from death row. Sadly, in the case of Paul House, another three years would pass before House would be a free man.

This ruling was not the first time House had been forced to accept unfair treatment from the Federal Court system. In 2002, the United States Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in a 7 to 4 decision ruled that House deserved to have new evidence of his innocence examined by Tennessee state courts. Nearly two years later, with 4 new appointments to the Sixth Circuit, the state of Tennessee responded that it would “respectfully decline” to act on the court’s mandate.

House was convicted of the 1985 murder of Carolyn Muncey, a woman who lived near him in Union County. The state presented rape as the motivation for the murder and as the aggravating factor that called for a sentence of death. While no eyewitnesses were available, two pieces of physical evidence pointed (supposedly) to House: semen from the victim’s body matching House’s blood type, and blood found on the victim’s pants matching House. In recent years, however, all of this evidence has been called into question.

DNA testing has conclusively proved that Paul House did not rape Carolyn Muncey. The semen from the body actually belonged to Muncey’s husband, Hubert. This fact calls into question the state’s entire theory of the crime and puts suspicion on Hubert Muncey.

Since the time of the trial, two witnesses have come forward and testified that, while drunk, Muncey admitted to them that he killed his wife in a drunken argument. Muncey was widely known to be an alcoholic who routinely hit his wife. Another witness has come forward and testified that Muncey requested that she provide him with an alibi for the night of the murder, and three other witnesses have implicated Muncey.

The blood on Paul House’s pants brings up even more questions. While the blood did come from Carolyn Muncey’s body, the AP has reported that the pants may have been tampered with by officers. Four vials of blood were taken from the body after death, but, by the time the vials arrived for expert testing, only two and a half could be accounted for by anyone, and one empty vial showed evidence of leakage. Forensics experts have testified that the blood was likely spattered from those vials, and did not come from Muncey’s body while she was alive.

In his time on death row, Paul House has been diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis. He is now confined to a wheelchair, is unable to bathe or shave himself, and has difficulty speaking.

In December 2007, Federal Judge Harry Mattice ruled that the state had 180 days to re-try House or release him. The state appealed the ruling to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals who quickly upheld the Judge’s ruling. The state determined to move to re-try House on first degree murder but not seek the death penalty. House remained in state custody until bail could be set.

On July 2, 2008, after nearly 23 years on death row, Paul House was freed from prison when an anonymous donor paid his bond. House moved into the home of his mother, Joyce, under house arrest while he awaited retrial. More physical evidence in the state’s possession since 1985, including a hair found in the victim’s hand as well as fingernail scrapings were tested and were not a DNA match to House.

Finally, in May 12, 2009, District Attorney Paul Phillips dropped all charges against House making him the 132nd person freed from death row nationwide and the second in Tennessee.

Fairly, there are numerous aspects you would like to think about medications. All discount medicaments save money, but few online drugstores offer better deals than other online drugstores. There isn’t anything you can’t order online anymore. Remedies like Deltasone ordinarily is used to treat diseases such as eye problems. Glucocorticoids naturally occurring steroids, which are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There are varied drugs for every conditions. Cialis is a remedy prescribed to treat many illnesses. What do you already know about long term side effects of cialis? What consumers talk about how long does it take for cialis to take effect? A general sexual complaint among men is the erectile disfunction. Sexual problems mostly signal deeper problems: low libido or erectile malfunction can be the symptom a strong health problem such as heart trouble. Albeit the erectile dysfunction itself isn’t necessarily dangerous, erectile dysfunction is sometimes one of the early warning symptoms of other underlying health conditions that can be very dangerous. Unfortunately nearly all over-the-counter medicines have sometimes dangerous aftereffects, from muscle aches to death. If you buy any erectile disfunction medicaments like Cialis, check with a physician that they are sure to take with your other drugs. Do not take unwanted medications. Take Cialis to your local chemist’s shop which will dispose of them for you.

Steve Henley and Terry Flatt were convicted of the 1985 murders of Fred and Edna Stafford, an elderly couple living in Jackson County. All the evidence, including the motive for the crime, was provided by Terry Flatt, who made a deal with prosecutors and served just over five years. Steve Henley, who has maintained his innocence from the beginning, received the death sentence. Henley and Flatt had known each other about three months prior to the murders. What happened on July 24, 1985, is in dispute.

Terry Flatt’s Account: Flatt and Henley bought and sold a transmission that day and were headed toward Pine Lick Road where Henley’s grandmother and the Staffords lived around 6:30 p.m. Flatt said that Henley stated that there were some people there who owed him money and had wronged his grandmother. They passed the Stafford’s house and noticed neighbors were visiting. Henley let Flatt out of the truck on the road near Henley’s grandmother’s driveway. Henley was gone about 5 to 10 minutes and came back with a .22 rifle. Henley drove about 50 or 75 yards down the road, put more shells in the rifle, filled a plastic jug with gasoline from a five gallon gas tank in his truck, and headed towards the Stafford’s home around 7:00 p.m. The Staffords were standing in the road by a newly opened bridge. Henley took a pistol from the truck and forced the Stafford’s toward the house, ordering Flatt to get the rifle. About 30 feet from the house, Henley told Flatt to give him the rifle and to get the gas can. Henley then shot both the Staffords inside the house. When Flatt returned with the can, Henley threw him the rifle and shot Mrs. Stafford with a pistol in the hallway. The house was then set on fire.

Flatt and Henley left and hid the guns along Keeling Branch road as they headed to Gainesboro, about 15 minutes away, for Henley to see Harold Hix about a job. Upon leaving Hix’s house, they met a patrol car who pulled them over and asked where the Stafford’s lived. Henley then showed the officers Pine Lick Road.

Problems with Flatt’s testimony: Flatt initially lied to authorities about his involvement in the murders saying, “I don’t know nothing about no shooting.” However, after he implicated himself, he then provided information to the Sheriff. He also acknowledged in his testimony that when he talked to the Sheriff he may have brought up how he could get less time and in another statement said “nothing has really been promised, but we kindly had a little bit of an agreement, some kind of agreement.” The jury believed that Flatt would receive a 25 year sentence for his testimony, yet he was paroled after only 5 years in prison. Flatt also admitted to injecting Dilaudid, a powerful painkiller, twice the day of the murders, including a strong injection at 4:30 p.m. He had been using Dilaudid for seven or eight months prior to the crime. Flatt contradicted himself in his testimony stating on his way to Henley’s grandmother’s house, his mind was not very clear because of the Dialudids and beer. Flatt later stated the events of the day were clear in his mind.

Steve Henley’s Account: Henley spent the day preparing to work on a sprayer for a friend’s father and purchasing a transmission to sell. He picked up Terry Flatt in the morning because he thought he would need help loading the transmission. After picking up the transmission, he and Flatt bought a six pack of beer, and the two headed to Cookeville to sell the transmission. Later, Henley and Flatt headed to his grandmother’s house to pick up some parts for the sprayer. On the way, they stopped for more beer and when Henley came out of the market, Flatt was injecting Dilaudid. They arrived at his grandmother’s at around 6:30 p.m. Henley denies having any problem with the Staffords. Because Flatt was intoxicated, Henley did not want him near his grandmother so he dropped Flatt off below the bridge that goes to his grandmother’s house past the Stafford’s house. Henley kept a .22 rifle in his truck between the gear shift columns because he used it to shoot rabbits in his grandmother’s garden. Flatt wanted to keep the rifle in case he saw a rabbit to shoot. Henley and his grandmother both testified that he was with her for 30-45 minutes. His grandmother stated that he did not have the gun at her house that evening. Henley went back down to the spot where he dropped Flatt off, and Flatt stepped out of the corn field across from where Henley left him. Flatt put the rifle behind the seat and got in. Flatt wanted to go to Gainesboro away from the Stafford house, but Henley wanted to go see Harold Hix about a job which took them by the Stafford’s. Henley didn’t notice anything unusual at the Stafford’s since the corn was high and obscured his view. Henley came down Keeling Branch towards Hix’s house, and the two stopped to go to the bathroom just off the road. They arrived at Hix’s house, and while Henley talked to Hix about the job, Flatt was in and out of the truck outside. Henley stated that he did not have a plastic container to transfer any gas. When they drove back from Hix’s house, a patrol car pulled them over, and officers asked where Fred Stafford lived. Henley drove them to the road, pointing toward Pine Lick Creek. He and Flatt headed toward Gainesboro, stopping for more beer. Henley only had $5 so he charged $2.50 to his friend’s account, though Flatt testified that Henley had $131cash on him that he took from the Staffords.

Problems with the investigation: On August 1, after Henley and Flatt were arrested, Flatt told Ishmul Wood of the Fire Marshall’s office that he poured gasoline in a general area of the house though Wood took no samples nor did Wood take samples from the road where the gasoline had reportedly been poured from one can to another. The shell casings were found on August 2, only after Flatt told authorities his story. Wood testified that he could not say whether the shells were placed at the scene before or after the fire and had no evidence that the fire was arson. The pistol was discovered a day or two after the rifle when the Sheriff instructed officials to go back and search the location of the rifle again. Henley testified that he did not recognize the pistol. Only one shell casing was found inside the house, the others outside. Of the nine shells which were tested, only one was fired from the rifle, and it was not tested to see if it endured a fire. Further testimony revealed that the crime scene may not have been secured during the investigation. The state never produced the plastic gas can which Flatt claims Henley used. Furthermore, Henley interacted with a variety of people around the time of the murders, and no one noticed anything unusual about his behavior. Henley was picked up by the police a few days later on a contempt of court charge for owing money to Production Credit Association for a farming debt. Henley had filed for bankruptcy over his farming losses and was in a dispute over what he owed. His only prior conviction was for transporting stolen property across state lines in 1981, for which he got a two year sentence on probation.

In his sentencing hearing, Henley’s attorney made grave errors which led to Henley’s death sentence. His attorney never spoke to Henley’s family about testifying but in court, called Henley’s mother to the stand with no preparation. She asked the attorney to leave the courtroom to talk with her and was so terrified of saying something that would hurt her son that she would not take the stand. This decision left the jury with the impression that Henley’s mother did not want to testify on her son’s behalf, which could not have been further from the truth. His attorney then called Henley’s grandmother, who was also unprepared but did testify. This grossly inadequate representation by his attorney at sentencing led to a reversal of Henley’s death sentence by the Criminal Court of Appeals in 1996 only for it to be reinstated by the Tennessee Supreme Court.

How can two men who were together on the night of the murders receive two such different sentences? How can the word of a drug addict who implicated himself in the crime and with everything to lose secure another man’s death sentence? Steve Henley should not be executed with this much doubt in the case. In fact, a majority of appellate court judges (5-4) have ruled that Henley sentence should have received a life sentence.

The state of Tennessee executed Steve Henley by lethal injection on February 4, 2009 even though the state’s lethal injection protocol was being litigated.

Fairly, there are numerous aspects you would like to think about medications. All discount medicaments save money, but few online drugstores offer better deals than other online drugstores. There isn’t anything you can’t order online anymore. Remedies like Deltasone ordinarily is used to treat diseases such as eye problems. Glucocorticoids naturally occurring steroids, which are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There are varied drugs for every conditions. Cialis is a remedy prescribed to treat many illnesses. What do you already know about long term side effects of cialis? What consumers talk about how long does it take for cialis to take effect? A general sexual claim among men is the erectile dysfunction. Sexual problems mostly signal deeper problems: low libido or erectile disfunction can be the symptom a strong health problem such as core trouble. Albeit the erectile malfunction itself isn’t necessarily dangerous, erectile disfunction is sometimes one of the early warning symptoms of other underlying heartiness conditions that can be very much dangerous. Unfortunately nearly all over-the-counter medicines have sometimes dangerous aftereffects, from muscle aches to death. If you buy any erectile dysfunction medicaments like Cialis, check with a physician that they are sure to take with your other drugs. Do not take unwanted medications. Take Cialis to your local chemist’s shop which will dispose of them for you.

Paul Dennis Reid suffers, not only from severe mental illness, but from a congenital brain defect. His brain is physically deformed as he is missing a portion of his left temporal lobe – the part of the brain that processes information from other regions of the brain, facilitates memory, and helps integrate emotions with cognition. Throughout his life, Reid has displayed symptoms of severe mental illness and has been given a number of psychiatric diagnoses. He lives in a delusional world where an invisible force that he calls “Scientific Technology,” operated by the government, videotapes everything he does, inserts thoughts into his brain and excruciatingly painful sensations into his body, and toys with him as part of a bizarre experiment in which he is treated as a lab rat.

In his world, everything that happens is scripted by “Scientific Technology.” The prosecutors, the judge, his lawyers, and everyone else involved in his case are “scripted” by “Scientific Technology” as part of its experiment. He believes that when the experiment is over, he will be released from prison and given a multi-million dollar award. In the meantime, he insists that “Scientific Technology’s” surveillance videos of every moment of his life would exonerate him, if only the government would release the video tapes.

Reid’s life-long mental illness was recognized more than two decades ago when the Texas courts twice found him to be incompetent to stand trial. He spent an extended period of time in a psychiatric correctional facility receiving Thorazine and other powerful antipsychotic medications.

Simply put, Reid is out of touch with reality. Every independent medical expert who has examined Paul in recent years agrees that he lives in a world unknown to the rest of us. Paul’s delusional disorder brings on profound suffering.

The Supreme Court says that it is unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment to execute the insane – inmates who are so detached from reality that they cannot possibly understand or appreciate what is happening to them. Reid clearly falls within this category.

Yet, the State of Tennessee persists in trying to execute Paul Reid. He was most recently scheduled for execution when he dropped the appeals of his conviction for the 1997 murders of Angela Holmes and Michelle Mace who were kidnapped from a Clarksville Baskin Robbins. Reid’s sister, Linda Martiniano, filed a petition as a “next friend” because he is not competent to make decisions about his case. Martiniano said that her brother “is severely mentally ill. He does not think or act in a rational manner. It seems that everything he does is guided by his belief in a government conspiracy against him to bombard him with ‘Scientific Technology’.” Reid tries to defy “Scientific Technology”, which is his primary motive in dropping his appeals. He is certain that he will be released from prison, and he does not want to cooperate further with “Scientific Technology’s” experiment.

Sadly, Paul Reid’s case is not unique. Across the country, 5-10% death row inmates suffer from serious mental illness (Mental Health America’s “Position Statement 54: Death Penalty and People with Mental Illness”). In Reid’s case, as in the case of so many others, proper mental health treatment was never made available. His case illustrates the tragic failures of our mental health and criminal justice systems.

The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), Mental Health America, the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) all oppose the execution of those with serious mental illness.

Fairly, there are numerous aspects you would like to think about medications. All discount medicaments save money, but few online drugstores offer better deals than other online drugstores. There isn’t anything you can’t order online anymore. Remedies like Deltasone ordinarily is used to treat diseases such as eye problems. Glucocorticoids naturally occurring steroids, which are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There are varied drugs for every conditions. Cialis is a remedy prescribed to treat many illnesses. What do you already know about long term side effects of cialis? What consumers talk about how long does it take for cialis to take effect? A general sexual claim among men is the erectile malfunction. Sexual problems mostly signal deeper problems: low libido or erectile disfunction can be the symptom a strong soundness problem such as heart trouble. Albeit the erectile disfunction itself isn’t necessarily dangerous, erectile malfunction is sometimes one of the early warning symptoms of other underlying health conditions that can be so dangerous. Unfortunately nearly all over-the-counter medicines have sometimes dangerous aftereffects, from muscle aches to death. If you buy any erectile malfunction medicaments like Cialis, check with a physician that they are sure to take with your other drugs. Do not take unwanted medications. Take Cialis to your local chemist’s shop which will dispose of them for you.

Seven people were convicted of murdering Hugh Huddleston in 1988. Today, only Olen Hutchison faces the death penalty for that crime. Mr. Hutchison’s death sentence is unjust when the major participants in the murder are either free or are eligible for parole.

Olen Hutchison and several codefendants were convicted of conspiring to murder Hugh Huddleston for the proceeds of two life insurance policies of which Hutchison and another codefendant were beneficiaries.

Two of the codefendants, Gaylor and Miller, had known Huddleston since they were teens. Evidence also showed that Gaylor and Miller would appear at Hugh Huddleston’s place of employment on paydays to get money from Huddleston. According to Miller they received $100-$150 weekly from Huddleston, who even provided blank signed personal checks for Gaylor’s use. When Gaylor was 19 years old Huddleston made Gaylor the beneficiary of a life insurance policy Huddleston had through his employer. In his will, Huddleston left everything to Gaylor.

Evidence and testimony from a number of witnesses showed that Miller and Gaylor regularly threatened, terrorized and abused Hugh Huddleston and that the night of the murder was not their first attempt to kill him. On one fishing trip, Miller said he was a short distance from Gaylor and Huddleston when he heard Huddleston cry out. Miller saw Huddleston (who could not swim) in the water. Gaylor said Huddleston slipped and fell in. Huddleston said he had been pushed into the water by Gaylor. Miller claimed that up to that point he thought Gaylor had been joking about killing Huddleston.

Eventually Huddleston spent all the money he could earn or borrow on Gaylor and Miller. Huddleston’s trailer was repossessed, and he moved into his mother’s house. When Gaylor and Miller could no longer count on receiving money from Huddleston, the plot to kill Huddleston took shape in earnest.

On August, 14, 1988, Huddleston rented a pontoon boat for a night fishing trip arranged by Gaylor. However, Gaylor never intended to be on the boat that night because, as Huddleston’s heir, he had the most to gain from Huddleston’s death. Suspicion would be too great. Miller and Huddleston were on the boat when Hatmaker and Rollyson approached in another boat. Miller said Hatmaker and Rollyson were friends of his and invited them to board the pontoon boat with Miller and Huddleston.

Miller left shortly thereafter in his small “jon” boat, which was being towed behind the pontoon boat. His supposed mission was to return to the marina for food and bait. Hugh Huddleston’s body was recovered from the lake later that day.

It was Miller who accused Olen Hutchison of being involved in the scheme to kill Hugh Huddleston. At the time Miller accused Olen Hutchison, Miller was under indictment for Huddleston’s murder. Huddleston had borrowed money from Hutchison and, as collateral, had taken out a life insurance policy naming Hutchison as the beneficiary. Miller had a prior criminal history of second-degree burglary, grand larceny, selling drugs and 12 juvenile charges, yet he became the state’s chief witness. Rollyson’s criminal history included theft and aggravated assault convictions.

Varnadore, another codefendant who knew Hutchison as well as Hatmaker and Rollyson, had a criminal background including aggravated assault, possession of drugs for resale, going armed, selling marijuana and cocaine, and cultivating marijuana.

Olen Hutchison, the man accused by Miller as being the mastermind of the scheme, had no criminal record. Olen Hutchison was not on the boat, was not at the marina, was not even in the same county.

Miller, Rollyson and Varnadore, despite their criminal backgrounds and their direct and admitted involvement in Hugh Huddleston’s killing, are today free men. Olen Hutchison has been facing execution since 1991 while others have been freed or will be eligible for parole.

Fairly, there are numerous aspects you would like to think about medications. All discount medicaments save money, but few online drugstores offer better deals than other online drugstores. There isn’t anything you can’t order online anymore. Remedies like Deltasone ordinarily is used to treat diseases such as eye problems. Glucocorticoids naturally occurring steroids, which are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There are varied drugs for every conditions. Cialis is a remedy prescribed to treat many illnesses. What do you already know about long term side effects of cialis? What consumers talk about how long does it take for cialis to take effect? A general sexual complaint among men is the erectile dysfunction. Sexual problems mostly signal deeper problems: low libido or erectile malfunction can be the symptom a strong soundness problem such as heart trouble. Albeit the erectile disfunction itself isn’t necessarily dangerous, erectile dysfunction is sometimes one of the early warning symptoms of other underlying health conditions that can be much dangerous. Unfortunately nearly all over-the-counter medicines have sometimes dangerous aftereffects, from muscle aches to death. If you buy any erectile disfunction medicaments like Cialis, check with a physician that they are sure to take with your other drugs. Do not take unwanted medications. Take Cialis to your local chemist’s shop which will dispose of them for you.

Abu-Ali Abdur’Rahman was convicted in 1987 of the murder of Patrick Daniels, who was stabbed to death in 1986.

The quality of Abu-Ali Abdur’Rahman’s representation at the guilt/innocence stage of his trial as well as the sentencing phase have been called into questions when his lawyers were supposed to defend him from the death penalty.

At the sentencing phase, the defense presented none of the abundant mitigating evidence available. As a child, Abdur’Rahman had suffered appalling abuse at the hands of his father, a military policeman. This included being stripped, tied up, and locked in a cupboard; being struck on the penis with a baseball bat; and being made to eat a pack of cigarettes as punishment for smoking, and when he vomited, forced to eat the vomit. The jurors were also left unaware that Abdur’Rahman had suffered serious mental health problems, as had his brother and sister. His brother committed suicide as an adult. His sister attempted suicide many times. Abu-Ali Abdur’Rahman has been diagnosed as suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

In 1998 a US District Judge overturned the death sentence, writing that Abdur’Rahman had been “seriously prejudiced by utterly ineffective assistance of counsel at his sentencing hearing”. He is the only judge to have heard live testimony from the numerous defense witnesses who were not called at the original trial. He said the “overwhelming” nature of their testimony and other evidence “compels” the conclusion that the death sentence “cannot stand”. In Tennessee, only a unanimous jury can pass a death sentence. If the trial lawyers had presented the mitigating evidence, the judge wrote, “there is more than a reasonable probability that at least one juror would have voted for a life sentence rather than the death penalty”.

It would seem that he was right. Eight of the nine jurors contacted by the appeal lawyers now say that they might or would not have voted for death if they had heard the evidence in question. In his affidavit, for example, the foreman of the jury states: “It is my belief and opinion that this evidence would have made a significant difference in the sentencing phase of the trial. Further, given the nature of the evidence I would further offer for consideration that the death penalty be overturned in this case”.

The death sentence has nevertheless survived the appeal process. In 2000 a three-judge panel of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the District Judge’s 1998 ruling and reinstated the death sentence. One of the three judges issued a strong dissent, citing the “constitutionally inadequate” defense Abdur’Rahman had received at the sentencing phase.

Doubts persist as to whether Abu-Ali Abdur’Rahman was the person who actually stabbed Patrick Daniels. The Davidson County prosecutor mainly relied on the testimony of Abdur’Rahman’s co-defendant, Devalle Miller, to persuade the jury that Abdur’Rahman had wielded the knife. Miller avoided the death penalty in exchange for his testimony and a guilty plea to second-degree murder, for which he was paroled after six years in prison. The unreliability of such testimony is reflected in rules recently adopted by the Davidson County prosecutor’s office: “The death penalty will not be sought in cases where the evidence consists of the uncorroborated testimony of a single eyewitness or of a cooperating codefendant or accomplice”. Under these rules, it is unlikely that the prosecutor could have sought the death penalty for Abu-Ali Abdur’Rahman in the first place.

Addtionally, the coat Abu Ali wore when the offense occurred was tested by the state and was found to have no blood stains. The prosecutor, and a forensics expert, both have said that the person who killed the victim would have had blood stains on his clothes. It appears, therefore, that Abu Ali was not the assailant.

Fairly, there are numerous aspects you would like to think about medications. All discount medicaments save money, but few online drugstores offer better deals than other online drugstores. There isn’t anything you can’t order online anymore. Remedies like Deltasone ordinarily is used to treat diseases such as eye problems. Glucocorticoids naturally occurring steroids, which are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There are varied drugs for every conditions. Cialis is a remedy prescribed to treat many illnesses. What do you already know about long term side effects of cialis? What consumers talk about how long does it take for cialis to take effect? A general sexual complaint among men is the erectile disfunction. Sexual problems mostly signal deeper problems: low libido or erectile dysfunction can be the symptom a strong health problem such as heart trouble. Albeit the erectile disfunction itself isn’t necessarily dangerous, erectile dysfunction is sometimes one of the early warning symptoms of other underlying health conditions that can be very dangerous. Unfortunately nearly all over-the-counter medicines have sometimes dangerous aftereffects, from muscle aches to death. If you buy any erectile dysfunction medicaments like Cialis, check with a physician that they are sure to take with your other drugs. Do not take unwanted medications. Take Cialis to your local chemist’s shop which will dispose of them for you.

E.J. Harbison, a poor, borderline mentally retarded, African-American man, with no prior criminal record, is currently scheduled to be executed in Tennessee pending the outcome of litigation concerning Tennessee’s lethal injection protocols. Proponents tout the death penalty as being reserved for the worst of the worst, but Harbison’s case demonstrates the emptiness of this claim.

In 1983, Harbison was convicted in Chattanooga of the murder of Edith Russell – an elderly, white woman – during a botched burglary. Although the state claimed the murder was premeditated, Harbison did not carry a weapon. Russell was killed with a vase from her house. While Harbison was sentenced to death, co-defendant David Schreane, whose criminal history included armed robbery and multiple burglaries, accepted a plea and served only six years. Worse still, Harbison’s lawyer never told the jury about Harbison’s background of horrific child abuse nor was the jury told that in adulthood, he assisted his father on handy-man jobs and was caretaker to his mentally disabled sister and girlfriend’s children. Until recently, no one was aware that Harbison’s attorney also represented another man who admitted involvement in the same crime but was never charged.

As a child, E.J. Harbison suffered emotional and physical abuse by his alcoholic parents. He and his siblings lived in poverty and often went without food. Juvenile Court records describe the Harbisons’ home life as “horrible in all areas imaginable.” Harbison was forced to become a defender and intervene in fights between his parents. He often sustained the brunt of those fights and was injured by a a power drill, among other means of attack, used by his father against his mother. He was shot by his father, set on fire by his brother, and beaten regularly. His 14 year old sister, who was terrified of her father, murdered her toddler and newborn in the room next to E.J. She later hung herself in a mental institution. Because of attorney error, neither the jury nor the courts have ever considered these facts, which legally support a sentence of less than death.

Even without such clear mitigating evidence, the sentencing disparity in the case is disturbing. The vehicle observed near the victim’s home at the time of the crime was a car Schreane had borrowed. The police ultimately arrested Schreane and searched his sister, Janice Duckett’s home. Duckett was also Harbison’s girlfriend. Schreane then led the officers to the location of the murder weapon – the vase — and fingered Harbison for the murder. Harbison later confessed after police threatened to have Duckett’s children taken from her and placed in foster care.

To complicate matters, police records, first requested before trial, were not turned over to Harbison until 1997, 14 years after they were requested. In the police file, counsel discovered than an eyewitness placed Schreane across the street from the victim’s house near the time of the crime and did not identify Haribson as the man with him. Schreane, himself, first told police a different person was with him. Yet, Schreane served only six years, while Harbison faces death. The police file showed substantial involvement by another man, Ray Harrison, who was seen near the victim’s house around the time the crime was committed. Harbison’s direct appeal attorney also represented Ray Harrison concerning this crime, presenting an obvious conflict of interest. The police extradited Harrison to Florida when Schreane implicated Haribson.

Harbison’s death sentence is inequitable. Instead of imposing death upon those who commit the worst crimes or present the greatest danger to society, Haribson, a poor African-American man with a history of abuse, made an easy target for prosecution in this murder.

Fairly, there are numerous aspects you would like to think about medications. All discount medicaments save money, but few online drugstores offer better deals than other online drugstores. There isn’t anything you can’t order online anymore. Remedies like Deltasone ordinarily is used to treat diseases such as eye problems. Glucocorticoids naturally occurring steroids, which are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There are varied drugs for every conditions. Cialis is a remedy prescribed to treat many illnesses. What do you already know about long term side effects of cialis? What consumers talk about how long does it take for cialis to take effect? A general sexual appeal among men is the erectile dysfunction. Sexual problems mostly signal deeper problems: low libido or erectile dysfunction can be the symptom a strong heartiness problem such as soul trouble. Albeit the erectile dysfunction itself isn’t necessarily dangerous, erectile dysfunction is sometimes one of the early warning symptoms of other underlying health conditions that can be much dangerous. Unfortunately nearly all over-the-counter medicines have sometimes dangerous aftereffects, from muscle aches to death. If you buy any erectile disfunction medicaments like Cialis, check with a physician that they are sure to take with your other drugs. Do not take unwanted medications. Take Cialis to your local chemist’s shop which will dispose of them for you.

Andrew Thomas was convicted and sentenced to death in 2001 for the April 1997 robbery and shooting of an armored truck guard, James Day, while Day was leaving a Memphis Walgreens with a money deposit bag. However, new evidence calls this conviction into question.

Following the shooting, Day was released from a rehabilitation center in July 1997 with a neurogenic bladder as well as a bowel condition. Nearly 2 and 1/2 years after the shooting, Day was hospitalized with blood in his urine as well as heart disease and diabetes. When he did not improve, surgery revealed a large tear in his bladder with high levels of bacteria in his bloodstream. Day died on October 2, 1999.

On April 21, 1997, Day was shot in the head and robbed outside a Memphis Walgreens but was conscious and alert when he arrived at the hospital. A woman saw the shooter grab Day’s bag and get into a white car. She said that the driver was a heavyset black man, age 30-35. Another eyewitness viewed a photographic spread on two occasions, identifying the man in one photo as the driver of the getaway car–Bobby Jackson.

On the afternoon of the robbery, Keith Echols went shopping with his friend Anthony Bond. Bond bought a used car and other items, refusing to say how he had obtained the money for his purchases. Three weeks later, Bond told Echols that he was the one who shot the armored truck guard at Walgreens. Three months after the Walgreens robbery, Bobby Jackson was arrested and charged with a similar crime against an armored truck guard. While in custody awaiting trial, Jackson told an inmate that this was not his first time to commit such a robbery but was his first time to get caught.

In October of 1997, Anthony Bond was arrested for a different robbery. Memphis police compared his fingerprints with a print lifted from a passenger-side door of the Walgreens getaway car. The prints matched.

Anthony Bond became a suspect in the Walgreens robbery nearly two years before Mr. Day’s death. Bond admitted that he had participated in the crime but told police that he drove the getaway car. Bond alleged that the shooter was Andrew Thomas. In Bond’s typed confession, he claimed that he and Thomas planned the robbery, and that, after the robbery, they went to the home of Angela Jackson, Thomas’s girlfriend at the time, and split the money in Angela Jackson’s presence.

After James Day’s death, Bond and Thomas were tried together before a single jury.

Bond’s trial strategy was to admit participation in the crime but to deny that he shot Day instead claiming that Thomas was the shooter. When Bond opted not to testify, the State presented to the jury a redacted version of his typewritten confession which implicated Thomas, whose trial attorneys did not object. The jurors did not hear from eyewitnesses who remembered the driver of the getaway car as a heavyset black male, a description that fit Bobby Jackson but not Anthony Bond, who is six feet tall and quite thin. Nor did the jurors hear from Keith Echols, the man to whom Bond had admitted that he shot the armored car guard.

Regarding the death of James Day, the jurors heard testimony from the State’s two medical experts, Dr. O.C. Smith and Dr. Cynthia Gardner. Smith testified that Day died as the result of an unbroken series of events that began with the gunshot wound. Smith concluded that Day’s death was a homicide. When Gardner testified, she repeated that Day’s blood pressure had dropped, causing an injury to Mr. Day’s spinal chord. She explained that injuries in the lower thoracic spinal region commonly give rise to neurogenic bladders. Andrew’s attorneys did not call any expert witnesses to challenge the testimony of Smith and Gardner. The jury found Bond and Andrew Thomas guilty of felony murder. On September 26, 2001, the jury returned a sentence of death for Thomas and a sentence of life without parole for Bond.

After the trial, Thomas wrote letters to various attorneys asking for help, consistently maintaining his innocence. He attracted the attention of his current attorneys at the Winston & Strawn law firm. Thomas had received a letter from Bond who admitted that he and Angela Jackson lied about the Walgreens robbery. “Me and . . . Angie played you playa,” Bond wrote. “Its a cold game and a cold world and we in both of them so its freezing.” Investigators had wanted a shooter, Bond said, “so I gave them you.” Bond said he knew that Thomas had made advances toward his girlfriend. “Since you tried to cross me I crossed you,” he wrote. Bond went even further in his letter. “Angie knew that me and Bobby hit the Fargo truck,” he wrote. In fact, Bond explained that Angela Jackson had been fooling around with Bobby Jackson behind Andrew’s back. So, “Angie didn’t snitch on Bobby even though she knew the business.” Bond’s letter is now the centerpiece of Andrew’s attempt to get his conviction overturned. In the fall of 2007, Bond admitted under oath that he was the writer of another handwritten letter that Andrew’s lawyers had obtained. Experts then compared the two letters and concluded that the same person wrote both of them.

A second focus of Andrew’s appeal is the trial testimony of the State’s medical experts. Serious flaws in their testimony about the cause of James Day’s death exist. In fact, Day’s medical records do not support the claim that his blood pressure dropped as the medical examiners stated nor that his lower thoracic spine was damaged. Instead, records show his blood pressure was briefly elevated, and then returned to a normal range. The records also show that Day had an injury to the central part of his thoracic spine, not the lower part. The records do not establish any connection between this injury and the gunshot wound, nor do they support Gardner’s testimony that an injury to the lower thoracic spine caused Mr. Day’s neurogenic bladder.

Thomas’s lawyers have also raised questions about the quality of the medical care that Day received during the years leading up to his death and during his final medical crisis. In the years before Day’s death, why weren’t his diabetes and heart disease diagnosed and treated? When Day had blood in his urine and was taking Coumadin, a potent anti-coagulant, why did his urologist recommend that he drink more fluids? Together with the flaws in the testimony of the State’s medical experts, these and other questions cast a clearly reasonable doubt on the theory that Day’s death was a homicide.

Fairly, there are numerous aspects you would like to think about medications. All discount medicaments save money, but few online drugstores offer better deals than other online drugstores. There isn’t anything you can’t order online anymore. Remedies like Deltasone ordinarily is used to treat diseases such as eye problems. Glucocorticoids naturally occurring steroids, which are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There are varied drugs for every conditions. Cialis is a remedy prescribed to treat many illnesses. What do you already know about long term side effects of cialis? What consumers talk about how long does it take for cialis to take effect? A general sexual complaint among men is the erectile dysfunction. Sexual problems mostly signal deeper problems: low libido or erectile disfunction can be the symptom a strong soundness problem such as soul trouble. Albeit the erectile dysfunction itself isn’t necessarily dangerous, erectile dysfunction is sometimes one of the early warning symptoms of other underlying soundness conditions that can be very dangerous. Unfortunately nearly all over-the-counter medicines have sometimes dangerous aftereffects, from muscle aches to death. If you buy any erectile dysfunction medicaments like Cialis, check with a physician that they are sure to take with your other drugs. Do not take unwanted medications. Take Cialis to your local chemist’s shop which will dispose of them for you.